The Vital Capacity Test In Football

The Vital Capacity Test In Football Football has become a game that enthusiasm by all populace in this world. To play or become a decent football player, the individual must ace numerous aptitudes and have a sound physical and mental. Football players likewise should consolidate speed, quality, deftness, force, and perseverance as fundamental characteristics before the individual aptitudes innate to the playing of soccer can be used and rely upon the position, for example, barrier, strikers, midfielder and objective attendant. The comprehension of the physical and the psychological requests of the game will empower an increasingly logical way to deal with the preparation of soccer players by (Bell and Rhodes 1975; Caru et. al. 1970; Fardy 1969). Football is one of the games that need high force of remaining burden or physical action, for instance the blend of walk and rehashed runs need adequate recuperation between action. Expressed by (Nicks et. al. 2006) and Romer et.al. So the player must have solid muscles, high solid continuance, have solid center and have significant level of oxygen consuming limit on the grounds that the football match-up are played for an hour and a half. So the preparation must contain high oxygen consuming preparing to improve cardiovascular and pneumonic capacities so the competitor can adapt to the game. Physiological appraisal of competitors can give a chance to analyze or test the adjustment to explicit kinds of activities and preparing. These adjustments can be significant to the clinician, mentors and competitors themselves. For instance, lab test that can be continue to look at the adjustment to explicit kinds of activities and preparing. To test the adjustment to the lung we can utilize aspiratory capacities test to look at the adequacy of lung muscles working, to check the imperative limit and to evaluate the lung volumes. The capacity of the lung is to convey O2 to gas traded surface and fumes CO2 to environment. To accomplish this with cerebrum working ordinarily, breath starts with constriction of inspiratory muscle augmenting the chest, bringing down intrathoracic and pleural weights, developing the alveoli and aviation routes, growing the alveolar gas so decreasing its weight underneath air. Air at barometrical weight must stream into the chest where it is led to, and diffuses, out into the alveoli. The carriage of air through the aviation routes relies upon the patency of the cylinder just as on the consistency of the lung and the intensity of the respiratory muscles. At any one second roughly 100ml of desaturated blood, with a solid fondness for O2, is spread over a region of 70 square meters( zone of pneumonic hairlike bed ) isolated from air by a layer 0.2 micron thick. Oxygen from alveolar air diffuses quickly over the alveolar slender layer and is at long last synthetically joined with hemog lobin particles inside the circling red platelets (RBC), CO2 diffuses into inverse bearing and is disposed of in terminated gas. The Vital limit test is one of the most established and most regular respiratory tests. The estimation of imperative limit (VC) basically necessitates that an individual blow as enormous a breath of air as conceivable into a spirometer. In this manner, the individual ousts three of the four segments of the all out lung volume when playing out the indispensable test. There are inspiratory hold volume (IRV), flowing volume (TV) and expiratory save volume (ERV). It gives a circuitous sign of the size of the lung, despite the fact that it's anything but a total proportion of the whole lung size since it doesn't represent lingering volume. When all is said in done realities, crucial limit identify with three uncontrolled qualities which are age, height and sexual orientation. Lung work estimations likewise might be made for a few reasons. They are helpful in portraying the lung for symptomatic reason and accordingly in observing change. Exactness and consistency are in this manner significant, and a show exists for the methodology of estimation and articulation of result. When all is said in done, an estimation might be acknowledged after numerous endeavors have been investigated and communicated under standard conditions. These are normally internal heat level and climatic weight. To ensure precision, research center practice ought to incorporate standard physical and natural adjustment of the gear. Standard for good lab lead have been portrayed enormously by British Thoracic Society or relationship of respiratory technologist and physiologist 1997. In wellbeing there are a few elements which impact the greatness of the lung work. These incorporate stature, sex, age, and less significantly weight and ethnic starting point (Cotes1979, Anthonisen1986). Accordingly, appraisal of regularity must be contrasted and reference esteems. The better can be gotten from the investigation of bigger quantities of ordinary individuals from the important populace (European people group for Coal and Steel 1983). Once acquired, results can be communicated as rate anticipated or, all the more accurately, by examination with the 95% certainty span for the valves. Issue articulation. It is intriguing to know whether there are any extraordinary of lung volumes and lung limits base on the diverse situation in the football crew, for example, striker position and guards position. In football crew, the safeguards position errands are distinctive with the striker position task, for instance the cautious position, the activity of the middle backs orâ central defendersâ is to quit rival players, especially the strikers, from getting the chance to score, and to clear the ball from their own punishment region. So ordinarily the barrier has large physical to stop the striker, yet unique with the striker position, normally the strikers position players have not very huge physical, on the grounds that these positions are for the quick individual to score the objective. This investigation of aspiratory capacity of the Uitm football players base on position, have taken understudies gathering of both striker position and safeguard position of matured between 19-25 years and concentrated on fundamental boundaries including, FVC and has utilized Spirometer. The spirometer gadget used to survey these boundaries. This investigation for the most part focuses on lung boundaries including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and how far it shifts base on the position, for example, striker and resistance. The FVC additionally use to survey the lung capacity of Uitm soccer players. Operational Terms 1.2.1 Exhalation is act or an occasion of breathing out air. From diary sources Masaoka Y, Satoh H, Akai L, Homma I. (2010) 1.2.2 Inhalation is the drawing of air or different substances into the lung. From web sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 1.2.3 Total lung limit are alludes to the aggregate sum of air in the lungs in the wake of taking the most profound breath conceivable. From web sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 1.2.4 Ventilation is a cyclic procedure of motivation and lapse whereby ideal degrees of Oxygen and cabondioxide are kept up in the alveoli and blood vessel blood. 1.2.5 Tidal Volume (VT) is characterized as the measure of air that is enlivened and terminated during ordinary resting ventilation. 1.2.6 Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) is the moves where the most extreme measure of air that can be breathed out after an inspiratory exertion. 1.2.7 Maximum deliberate ventilation (MVV) can be characterized as the greatest volume of air that can be inhaled by an individual in one moment. From web sources http://www.answer.com/subject/greatest breathing method Goals In this investigation, there are a few purposes or target that can be seen. They are; To gauge the degree of wellness of Uitm football players by utilizing power indispensable limit y test. To decide if there is an alternate in aspiratory capacities base on position in football crew, for example, resistance and striker. 1.4 Hypothesis Hâ °-There is no critical distinctive on pneumonic capacities in football position, for example, striker and guard Hâ ª-There is noteworthy diverse on aspiratory works in football position, for example, striker and protection 1.5 Significant of the investigation The critical of this investigation is primarily to quantify and analyze the lung volumes and limits among the Uitm football player base on their position. Does the football position, for example, striker position and barriers position have contrasts impacts on the lung volumes and limits? The investigation is significant in light of the fact that it can help certain people groups, for example, mentor, physiotherapy and competitors particularly in any sorts of sports to improve aspiratory capacities. Moreover, this examination likewise can expand information on mentor and competitors, and give them how significant is to have productive and solid lung to improves their exhibitions for their game. 1.6 Delimitation The primary delimitation is the quantity of any sorts of exploration subjects, which comprises thirty (n=30) age go from 19-25 years of age will partake in this examination. The subjects are chosen in the Uitm football crew and truly dynamic and all the members must be sound. The subjects are separated into two gatherings of safeguard and striker. The others delimitation is the subject sex and age. The test will be direct in Physiology Lab. Constraint In this investigation, the members included may have some involvement with essential limit test. The members that will be chooses in this examination will be taking part in the lab test by utilizing spirometer. The investment is significant in this investigation since it can influence the outcomes and information if the members don't coordinate and take part eagerly. Other than that, the time obliges likewise can be one of the elements in light of the fact that the members have their own timetables and will conflict with the test plans and can not go to the test. Moreover, cash can be an issue in light of the fact that, there is no supported in this examination. The day by day exercises of the members won't be controlled. Suspicion In this examination, it very well may be expected that all the members can do and finished the crucial limit test. In this manner, I likewise accept and ensure that all the members will comprehend and adhere to all the guidance given

Plot summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plot synopsis - Essay Example This happens when an activity by the hero delivers an impact that contradicts the normal impact. For example, in Oedipus Rex, the inversion happens when Oedipus finds out about Polybus’ demise and this is by all accounts uplifting news, however it is terrible in genuine sense. The second head some portion of the plot as indicated by Aristotle is the acknowledgment otherwise called the anagnorisis. It is now of the play that a character finds out about specific realities, which brief him to abhor or cherish another character. For example, Oedipus unconsciously executes the ruler of Thebes just to learn later that he is his genuine dad. The third component of a heartbreaking play is the last anguish or emotion. This is a ruinous demonstration that leaves the legend of the catastrophe in torment. In Oedipus Rex, the hero expels his eyes; a fairly agonizing procedure. There are different components of the plot like the two phases, that is, the disentangling and the difficulty. The last envelops each part of the play up to where the fundamental character experiences positive or negative fortune. Interestingly, the unwinding happens from the defining moment to the play’s

Akathisia Causes and Treatment

Akathisia Causes and Treatment June 24, 2019 DreamPictures/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment Akathisia, also spelled  acathisia, is a neuropsychiatric syndrome  or  movement disorder characterized by inner restlessness and the inability to sit or stand still for a reasonable period of time. Akathisia may appear as a side effect of the long-term use of antipsychotic medications, Lithium, and some other neuroleptic drugs. It is  one of the most common side effects of antipsychotic medications, but may be hard to describe by patients and thus hard to diagnose by doctors. When akathisia is induced by drugs, it is known as antipsychotic-induced acute akathisia (AIAA).  Because its known to happen as a result of treating a mental disorder, prevention of akathisia is key, while getting off of your medication is not advisable or a viable option to treat akathisia. Here we share ways you can overcome akathisia without jeopardizing your health and well-being while taking psychiatric drugs. The Prevalence of Akathisia Between 20 and 45 percent of people who take antipsychotic medications experience akathisia. The Barnes Akathisia-Rating Scale is used to diagnose the condition.  If you suffer from akathisia, you may have restless movements of the arms and legs such as tapping, marching in place, rocking, crossing and uncrossing the legs. This is sometimes referred to as psychomotor agitation.   Your body may feel anxious at the thought of sitting down. Your body will always want to be on the move, almost to the point of fidgeting whenever stillness sets in. There are four types of movement disorders associated with antipsychotic drugs. Sometimes akathisia can be grouped with these other movement disorders, or it may be isolated to only one: Tardive dyskinesia (TD)ParkinsonismAkathisia, which we cover hereTardive dystonia Causes of Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia   Akathisia is generally underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. The prevalence of missed diagnosis is a dangerous problem as it can lead to negative outcomes such as missed medication dosages, which may exacerbate the psychiatric symptoms they are meant to help manage. Because this condition is generally caused by prescription drugs, its important to be aware of the studies that explain specific drugs associated with a heightened risk of akathisia. Haloperidol, paliperidone, and ziprasidone have all been seen to increase the risk of akathisia for patients taking these drugs. While these have been singled out, its important to note that all antipsychotic drugs carry with them the risk of causing akathisia. Unfortunately, just as starting antipsychotic medication may cause akathisia, it is also observed in people who are being gradually taken off their antipsychotic medication or who may be advised to gradually decrease their dosages. In these instances,  intense dysphoria is often observed as well. Treatment for Akathisia The goal of treatment for akathisia is generally to promote calmness, without over-sedating. A study in the journal Drug Safety suggests that additional drugs may be given to people with bipolar disorder to treat akathisia. Specifically, lipophilic beta-blockers like  propranolol have been found to be consistently effective for the treatment of acute akathisia.  Adding benzodiazepines or amantadine or clonidine has also been tried. Other drugs that have been used to treat akathisia include piracetam, ritanserin, valproic acid, and tricyclic antidepressants. More recently,  mirtazapine has been found to work for 20-25% of people, some of who have experienced complete remission of their akathisia symptoms.

The Poem Valediction by Sherman Alexie Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The author employs two important artistic features that facilitate the presentation of the poem as a complete piece against the choice of its size and design. Firstly, the precision adopted in the poem manifests through the economy of words, without compromising on the delivery of the central theme. In a weighty theme as suicide and other psychological difficulties experienced by the main character, it would perhaps tempt to apply several words to the poem. However, the author employs precision techniques that augur well with the poem leaving no loopholes, as the initial intention would need. As briefly mentioned above, from the poem s title, Valediction, the image of sad episodes quickly captures the prediction of the central theme. Valediction is a word with a Latin origin depicting parting ways, particularly in a mourning scenario. Despite the fact that a direct cause for the farewell does not immediately emerge from the title of the poem, the essence of the suspense is establish ed. Without precision and accuracy, the author s few words would not have captured the central theme surrounding the suicide committed by the victim, despite all indications pointing to the advice of holding on since bigger problems linger around but not sufficient to result to killing oneself. Following the other works by the author, the orientation of his career against a backdrop of sad topics enables to make a prediction of a tragic setting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Poem Valediction by Sherman Alexie or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The despair that dominates the author s choice of topics clearly develops from such a presentation with astounding precision.

Hepatitis C Is Not A Public Health Crisis - 1473 Words

Hepatitis C is definitely not a public health crisis that needs emergency intervention in terms of the policy makers being pressured to make a decision urgently. However, thousands of citizens of the United States die on a yearly basis from this contagious disease (CDC, 2014). This makes it a serious public health issue. Hepatitis C is basically a liver disease that is contagious in nature and could be fatal if left untreated. According to the CDC website over 3 million Americans are infected with the disease (HCV), and â€Å"approximately 75%–85% of people who become infected with Hepatitis C virus develop chronic infection†. Hepatitis C is most commonly transmitted in the United States through IV drug use (CDC, 2014). Other modes of transmission includes blood transfusion or coming in contact with someone’s blood, accidental needlestick injuries among health care workers (e.g., nurses and phlebotomists), sexual contact (rare) and infants born to mothers who hav e the disease. These above medical and demographic facts make HCV a serious threat on public health. Overview of drug Sovaldi also known as Sofosbuvir is one of the latest anti- HCV drug in the market (Ollove, 2014). The drug has already been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) having gone through years of clinical trials. The drug’s claim to fame other than its high cost ($84,000 for 12 weeks of treatment or $1000 for one pill) is that it boasts of shorter treatment duration of about 3 monthsShow MoreRelatedTaco Bell Case Study1448 Words   |  6 PagesCOMMUNICATION STRATEGY (C/S) WORKSHEET PURPOSE: General: Identify and address key issues behind recent outbreak and food safety image while maintaining customer loyalty and consumer behavior. Action: Investigate, test, and report all possible sources of E. 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Mcdonalds Energy Drink Research Report Free Essays

McEnergy 1 Energy Drink Research Report For McDonalds Corporation Marketing Research, Unit 9 8 August 2011 McEnergy 2 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to investigate past trends and forecasts of the energy drink market. Included in this report, is information on market size, target population and statistical data on growth history and growth projections. The aim is to determine if adding energy drinks to McDonalds offerings will create a profitable segment for their menu. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds Energy Drink Research Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The market research collected and contained in this report consists of secondary data. This research was authorized by: McDonalds Corporation. Current market research shows that the energy drink market has grown into a multi-billion dollar business, which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water. The US energy drink industry is expected to more than double in the 5 years preceding 2013. (Comprehensive Reviews) Eighteen to twenty-four year olds or college students are the largest segment of energy drink consumers. NutritionJ) The conclusion of this report suggests that the growth of the energy drink market has been greater than most other liquid refreshment beverage sectors in the US in the past five years and that this trend will continue. It is recommended that McDonalds Corporation add energy drinks to their offerings and target college-aged students. Introduction Fast food consumption in the US has declined during the rece nt economic crisis. To stay profitable, many fast food chains have introduced low-cost or â€Å"value† items too keep sales up. Along with low-cost items, many fast food chains have added specialized items or niche items to attract customers that can more conveniently buy these at a fast food store. McEnergy 3 Energy drinks have continued to gain popularity since Red Bull was launched in 1997. More than 500 new energy drinks were launched worldwide in 2006 and beverage companies are reaping the rewards of the exploding energy drink industry. This report examines the energy drink market and its potential to become a niche item in a fast food chain along with the population to target. Methods This report was conducted using a secondary statistical data and secondary research that was gathered using a focus group and survey of college age participants. The statistical data was obtained from New York City-based Beverage Marketing Corporation which is the leading research firm dedicated to the global beverage industry. The statistical data regarding the previous growth patterns and growth forecasts will be discussed in the results. The focus group and survey were done by Nutrition Journal and focuses on energy drink consumption patterns among college students. The survey was based on responses from a 32-member college student focus group and a field test, a 19-item survey was used to energy drink consumption patterns of 496 randomly surveyed college students. (nutritionj) The population was defined as undergraduate students at a state university located in the Central Atlantic Region of the United States. 85% of the undergraduates were 18-24 years of age, 12% were 25-40 years of age and 3% 41 years of age or older. Sixty two percent of the entire student body is female. The sampling units were individual college students that were generated with a McEnergy 4 non-probability method of asking students around campus if they would like to participate. (Nutritionj) Results Fifty one percent of participants reported consuming at least one, energy drinks a month. Thirty four percent of participant reported consuming at least two energy drinks a month. Table 1 % of college energy drink users reporting amount and frequency of energy drink consumption by situation in an average month Energy drinks consumed Days/month ________________________________________________ Situation n 1 2 2 1-4 5-10 10 Insufficient Sleep 169 64 22 14 74 18 8 Need general energy 165 63 21 16 74 18 8 Studying or project 125 50 36 14 85 10 5 Driving long distance 114 63 23 14 86 9 5 With alcohol 136 27 24 49 73 18 9 Treat hangover 42 74 10 16 74 14 12 N= 253 college energy drink users (nutritionj) The US refreshment beverage market grew by 1. 2% in 2010The growth of the energy drinks market is up 5. 4% in the past year. (beveragemarketing) From 2004 to 2009 the McEnergy 5 overall growth of the energy market is up over 240% (Wiley) The shift from consumption of sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade towards energy drinks should continue. In the last year, carbonated soft drinks remain the largest liquid refreshment beverages category but their volume slipped 0. 8% from 13. 9 billion gallons in 2009 to 13. 8 billion gallons in 2010, which resulted in their market share decreasing. (beveragemarketing) Table 2 U. S Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Change in Volume by Segment 2009-2010 Percent Change Segments 2009-2010 RTD Tea 12. 5% Sports Drinks 9. % RTD Coffee 8. 1% Energy Drinks 5. 4% Bottled Water 3. 5% Value-Added Water 0. 2% Fruit Beverages -2. 0% Carbonated Soft Drinks -0. % Total LRB 1. 2% Source: Beverage Marketing Corporation (BeverageMarketing) McEnergy 6 Conclusion The energy drink market has grown into a multi-billion dollar business, which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water. Having grown 240% in the past five years, the only beverage sectors to grow faster that energy drinks last year were ready-to-drink tea, ready-to-drink coffee and s ports drinks. McDonalds already distributes these other three beverages and would benefit by adding the next fastest growing beverage sector, energy drinks. Despite the large market share that carbonated beverages owns, there is a demand and shift towards other beverage sectors as evidenced by a decrease in carbonated beverage market share last year. A large segment of energy drink consumers is the college-aged consumer. With over 50% of college students drinking at least one energy drink a month and 34% at least two a month, this would be a good population to target. Recommendations Include energy drinks to the offerings at McDonalds fast food restaurants. Target college-aged students with initial locations and marketing strategies. McEnergy 7 References: – Gonzalez de Mejia, E. Heckman, M. A. Sherry, K. (2010). Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in The United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1541-4337. 2010. 00111. x/pdf – West, T. (2011). The Energy Market is Still Full of Growth Potential Reports. Wholesale News. Retrieved from: http://web. ebscohost. com. lib. kaplan. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=12hid=123sid=eeec713f-80bc-4ca6-b6ce-02c68e0f1f50%40sessionmgr112 – The US Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Increased by 1. 2% in 2010. (March 2011). Beverage Marketing Corporation Reports. Retrieved from: http://www. beveragemarketing. com/? section=pressreleases – Aeby, V. G. Barber-Heidal, K. Carpenter-Aeby, T Malinauskas, B. M, Overton, R. F. (2007). A Survey of Energy Drink Consumption Patterns Among College Students. Nutrition Journal. Retrieved from: http://www. nutritionj. com/content/6/1/35 How to cite Mcdonalds Energy Drink Research Report, Essays

The Uniqueness of Art free essay sample

The Uniqueness of Art Art is something that can be very different. Looking around the museum I saw pieces that were so different. Each with their own individual styles. One piece in particular caught my eye. It was one from a collection called Monsterlands by Christopher Harrison. It was called La Reina Negra. I saw many unique art pieces, but I really liked the one I picked because it was very strange and unsual. It was bright and isn’t a typical â€Å"scary† monster. In the painting â€Å"La Reina Negra† by Christopher Harrison, there are many different parts of it. First thing that I see when I look at this painting is that it is on a white canvas with an orangey, red background that is just roughly brushed on. It was as bright and colorful as a sunset. On the very top it has two ears. They are black with silver glitter in them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Uniqueness of Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then just below the ears is a pink, soft, fluffy mane that looks like a lions mane. It goes all the way around the head. Inside of the mane is a sort of face. There are some random black shapes on a white background. One looks like a mouth, one looks like an eye, and one looks like a nose. The face looks a little scary and tough but, I think this paintings voice would be higher pitched and feminine. The bottom half of the painting has a small narrow part that looks like a neck and then it gets wider at the bottom. It is all black except for the silver glittery circles. The circles are just strung randomly all around, like polka dots. The very bottom half of the image looks like the black is water droplets dripping off. I’m not sure if the â€Å"water droplets† are feet or if the image just floats instead. Another thing that I initially thought of was that if this was a real monster that I came upon, she would smell like cotton candy or something fruity. This painting c ould have many different interpretations. When the artist created it he based them off micro organisms and how they look through a microscope. I think that is why it has different textures and random colors. They are based off something that he saw and made his own interpretation of. Thats why they are so very unique. However, he then calls them Monsterland. So that made me think that they were made based off monsters that maybe the artist has seen in dreams, or things that he feels makes a monster a monster. This painting to me shows how even if something is labeled as a monster doesn’t always mean that it is bad. Usually when I think of a monster it doesn’t involve anything happy. Its scary and dark and reminds me of bad things. Since this painting is bright, sparkly, and fluffy, it isn’t scary at all. It actually reminds me of a childrens book or a birthday cake. This painting reminds me that just because something is labeled doesn’t mean that label is correct. A monster isn’t always necessarily something that is bad. When I looked at the other paintings in the Monsterland collection, they seemed to fit in as a typical monster, but this one was different. It just makes me think how things get labeled but usually those don’t mean anything. It was sort of the odd man out with all the others. Everyday people get labeled. By things like what they are wearing and who they hang out with. I do it to people everyday. Look at them at instantly have in my head who I think they are. Everyone does it, its just how we are. My experience with labels though, is that they are almost always wrong. I usually get surprised with what someone is like once I get to know them better. Sometimes its a good surprise but that isn’t always the case. In high school there are a lot of labels. Kids don’t even know each other but yet they still think they can judge them. I think that its frustrating. I don’t get why us kids ca n’t just either talk and get to know the kid before we give them a label or not judge them at all. We all judge, including myself. I don’t really understand why we do, since it usually just come back and bites us in the butt. Sitting here on the wood floor of the museum there is art on the walls, the floors and hanging from the ceiling. Bright colors and unique textures. Looking out the window, it’s rainy and I can feel the cold air coming in from it.There are kids all around me. Some I know really well and some that I know just a little about. In my head I can put labels on the ones I don’t know. I can about bet that those labels are wrong too.I know how ineffective labeling is but my brain just does it. They probably do it to me too. These pieces of art can tell us a lot. Each one is so different. Looking at them just shows me how different people are and how what they are on the outside isn’t always what they are on the inside.

Moral Autobiography Essay Example

Moral Autobiography Essay Over the years have learned to become more accepting and inclusive of all sexual orientations and overall worldviews. This can be seen particularly in my top points on the hermeneutic circle and how I have used my social location to influence my views on justice and sexuality. The hermeneutic circle is a tool that can be very easily related to the life that have lived so far. This ranges from academic to personal to employment. Having a wide variety of points on the hermeneutic circle is something I see as a vital part of who I am, and ultimately makes up who I am today. The first point on the hermeneutic circle that I believe is apt to my life is the very first one. What is the community of accountability for me in my life? I personally serve many roles to please other people. The first example would be in my service organization. Am the District Secretary, and my job is to assist the District Governor with anything that they might need throughout the year. Rarely complete any task with the thought in mind of how it will affect me personally. On a more educational level, complete all my assignments to please my professors and abide by their rules or guidelines. NT simple write a paper how I choose to; I have to follow the guidelines that were set for the assignment. The next point on the circle would be the second one. What are some of my loyalties stated or implied? This point brings me back to my service organization I am a member of. Whenever people ask me to describe myself, I begin with a member of this organization because I am loyal to them a nd their mission. It is something will always believe in and stand by. Another think I would say, but very different, would be that am Irish American. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Autobiography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Autobiography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Autobiography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I identify as an Irish American because I am loyal to my family and their roots, but also to the fact that I was born in America and am an American Citizen. What attitude toward social change is being exemplified by my life choices? This is the next point that relates to my life. I believe that social change in America is desirable by the majority of Americans, however it is something we have trouble figuring how to do. Myself believe that we need social change, but also have a strong feeling it will not happen. Many people are stuck on what happened in the past, and need to move on to how to change the true. We can never change the past, and that is where us as Americans are getting stuck. The last point goes hand in hand with my next point pretty well in the context I see it in. What are my thoughts in regards to truth claims? I personally believe that there are never ways to 100% find the truth in situations and that goes back to social change. Any truth can be debated in the eyes of anybody because we are able to have our own opinions on things in todays society. Just because I believe that something is true, doesnt mean another person has to believe in its truth. Everyone is allowed to have their own opinions on things and each person can have their own idea of what is true and what is not. Along with that, all truths are open to examination and interpretations. Just because I believe that something is true doesnt mean I cant change my mind later on. Always allowing for possible revisions and re- imagination. The status of historical claims is something I see as a secondary method or way to explain my position or stance on situations. Ultimately believe that this goes back to the idea of social change and the past stopping us from moving forward. I believe that everything that has happened in the past, both historical and not, has made us the country we are today and we have no need to dwell on that past. When I am making claims always allow room for others to contest or disagree with what I have said, and never take offence if someone does. Being a member of such a service based organization we are always bouncing ideas off each other and giving each other feedback. I will admit that everyone contributes that one idea that changes the entire year and then there is always at least one idea which you regretted saying. Therefore I am always open to comments on my ideas and claims made. In my role as a Transition Leader at Default, I have constantly received feedback from my fellow peers, and value their input and opinions. Receiving feedback from others is a vital part of growing and is something I think everyone should use in their life. Knowledge comes from a multitude of places, and therefore there are many different types of knowledge. The main source of knowledge I use is from experiences. I always remember things that have tried before, ending both good and poorly. This is how I learn what to, or not to do, in the future similar situations. The other source Of knowledge I use is my peers. Learn from my fellow peers almost daily, and it is always so relatable. Having someone else around my age to help guide me through situations really helps during the tough times. All of these points from the hermeneutic circle are all dictated and influenced by my social location. Social location can consist of many different things but the one that define my location the most are my ethnicity, my economic class, and my gender. All three of these social location pieces play a ole of describing who I am as a person. When someone asks me what my ethnicity I am very proud to speak about that. I love being an Irish American, and would love that chance to learn more about my heritage one day. Having this outlook on my ethnicity has enhanced my ethical worldview in the way that I am very open and eager to explore new cultures and ethnicities. Just recently I had the opportunity to be fully immersed in the Arabic culture and the Muslim ethnicity. Allowing myself to open my eyes to new ethical worldviews has been a part of me that I have loved exploring the past few years. There is one thing that hinders this, and that is my economic class. I would consider myself to come from the middle economic class, as in I cant always afford everything my heart wants. I would love to take the time to expand my ethical worldview horizon, but I sadly cant afford to do so. I am never ashamed to say am from a middle class family, but sometimes it hurts your chances to take part in some amazing experiences. Hopefully one day the idea of economic class cannot be a factor when attempting to further your worldview, but as of right now it is hindering my ability. Finally, my gender is one that plays and interesting role in social location. I myself identify as a male and prefer masculine pronouns. However, over the past few weeks I have learned that not everyone is so simple. This is the reason that gender plays such a huge role in my eyes. I have never had any issues with my gender and it never accrued to me that others might while growing up. Gender is something is assigned to us, and is not something that we get to choose, and therefore almost always will have an effect on each persons social location. It doesnt matter what you identify as or what you prefer to be called, your gender will be your gender no matter what. All of these aspects of my social location all come together to help create my overall definition of the word justice. Justice is something that I do not fully believe in, however have defined it in a very clear way in my life. Justice is when the correct punishment or reward is assigned to an action completed by a human, animal, or entity. The problem I have with this is who gets to decide what is right and what is wrong? There has always been some grey rear when it comes to right and wrong because it is not always so clear. Also, in some situations we might say it is right and then someone else might consider it to be wrong. Should one person punish a person while someone else praises another? I do not believe that this will change until we come up with an ultimate way to clearly define something as right or wrong. Overall, everything that has any form of meaning in my life has formed together to make me the human being I am today. Will this be different then every single other human on the planet? Of course it will, but that is also makes us who we are.

Consumer attitude towards the services of Gulf Air Airline of Qatar

Consumer attitude towards the services of Gulf Air Airline of Qatar Gulf Air, Road to ExcellenceTo better understand the attitudes of travelers towards the overall services of Gulf Air in Qatar, we conducted a survey on October 1995, to discover attitudes of travelers and accordingly organize general findings. We wrote a questionnaire to assist us in the design of the promotional strategy which would induce change and create new and improved image of Gulf Air. (questionnaire Exhibit 1)Scope and limitations:The Questionnaire included 28 questions and it incorporated many question forms to avoid bias in answers and to ensure complete coverage of related services to customers. We used Yes/No questions, multiple choice, and open ended questions. Questionnaire was split between traveling related questions and gender questions.Because of time constraint and the lack of manpower, the survey used only a total of 33 respondents. Also questions were not pre-tested for overall cohesion and error-free biases design. We selected respondents from different backgro unds and nationalities to cover a more large sample.Gulf Air Boeing 747-200The findings of the survey may contains mistakes, unqualified answers due to the fact that many respondents were not trained well to participate in a survey before. Although there were diverse answers to the questionnaire, most respondents provided input with ease and truthfulness.Questionnaire FindingsQuestion 2) 49% of respondents traveled once a year, and 24% traveled twice, and 24% travel three times a year.Question 3) All respondents use the airplane as their main mode of transportationQuestion 4) The following destinations were most traveled by respondents:Jordan, USA, Europe, India, Philippines, UAE, Sudan, Egypt,Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia.Question 5) 75% of respondents have an average trip between two weeks, and Two months.Question 6) All respondents uses Gulf Air when traveling in the Gulf.Question 7) When asked about the airline that travel...

Sport Sponsorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sport Sponsorship - Essay Example Sports sponsorship emerged and has developed based on the fact that most sports teams and events lack the financial muscle to sustain themselves and sponsors come in to assist. Businesses identify a promotion opportunity created by huge audiences sport events bring together. It would then see business associate with sport clubs and events that act as agents of business promotion for the sponsors. This is a mutually beneficial move as both the sponsored and sponsors gain advantages (Fortunato, 2013:88). There are, however, several issues that come along with sponsorship. Cultural factors may prevent successful sponsorship as the players culture may not synchronise with the sponsor’s promotions (Stotlar, 2009: 112). Additionally, negative associations in which many sponsors that promote two contrasting products may sponsor the same event or club. Also, sponsorship fits in which large companies are to be involved poses a problem. The mutual benefit that both the sponsors and the sponsored teams gain cannot be overlooked. It has proved to be a considerable force behind the development of sports across the world and it deserves to be recognised as much as possible. Sponsorship benefits both parties involved and, therefore, quite

How Have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, Research Paper

How Have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, and Isolation to Attain Equality anc Civil Rights - Research Paper Example Consequently, various anti-racism movements emerged in order to end this trend of racism against blacks in the United States. Martin Luther King was one of the most famous black activists who paid his life for the sake of ending racism in the United States. The echo of his famous word 'I have a dream' still persists in the ears of activists and anti-racists, in an attempt to make this 'dream' come true. King himself was subjected to sever cases of racism and violence, as "during the 1960s, Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed, beaten, and eventually killed for his leadership in the civil-rights movement" ("Battling Racism: †¦."). In the United States, the year 1963 witnessed a major civil rights mobility with the efforts done by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in the field of fighting racial segregation. King, president of SCLC is now inspiring civil rights movements all over the United States to resist the social, economic, and p olitical practices that involve racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans. One of the most successful campaigns in this field is the Birmingham campaign, which has witnessed strategic effort that is exerted by King and his SCLC for the sake of promoting civil rights for African Americans. This campaign, which is based in Birmingham, Alabama lasted for more than two months in the spring of 1963, aiming "at ending the city's segregated civil and discriminatory economic policies" (Garrow, 1981). In fact, the effective tactics, strategies, and philosophies followed by King and his organization have played major roles in fulfilling the goals of the campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. The first and most significant aspect of King and his civil rights movement is the adoption of non-violent approaches to reach the goal of ending racial segregation in the United States. This tactic was particularly evident in the Birmingham campaign, where King and his African American fo llowers organized non-violent gatherings, marches, and boycotts in order push the city officials to review the civil laws that are considered by King and his movement unfair. King stressed the resort to non-violent approaches in Birmingham, when he declares that "the purpose of  ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation"(Garrow, 1981). Thus, it can be said that King, and his philosophy of nonviolence, was the dominant force in his civil rights movement that achieved great success in Birmingham. In employing the tactic of non-violent resistance against the practices of segregation, King was a strong believer in the power of non-violent approaches to attain legal demands of equality and abundance of racial segregation. In this context, King was inspired by the character of Gandhi in India, who was a strong advocate of the policy of non-resistance. Witnessing the success of Gandhi and his movement in reaching thei r goals in India, King believed that he also can succeed in forcing his government to abolish segregation laws. Thus, the core reason behind the success of Birmingham campaig

Quantitative Easing After the Financial Crisis

Quantitative Easing After the Financial Crisis Jose Nunez The global financial crisis started in August 2007 and lasted to 2009, which was the collapse of the subprime mortgage market (lenders with higher interest rates demand, and borrowers that can repay their loans) that led to a huge amount of losses to financial institutions in that time. The crisis led to one of the worst markets in the past 50 years. The impact it had on the economy was severe, it lead to a downward growth for U.S. companies, and an increase of uncertainty for the U.S. economy. The causes of the 2007- 2009 financial crisis were: financial innovation in mortgage markets, agency problems in the mortgage markets, and the role of asymmetric information in the credit rating process. There weren’t as many innovations back then, so before the year 2000 only credit worthy borrowers could get mortgages unlike others that didn’t have good credit. After advances in technology and new statistical techniques, that led to better evaluations on credit risk for a new risky loan to be made. FICO was developed by the Fair Isaac Corporation, which just predicted the outcome of how likely it was for a borrower to default on their loans and not pay the loan back. By lowering the cost of transactions, newer technology was able to bundle smaller loans that were similar to mortgages into debt securities. With these factors the banks were able to give out subprime mortgages to borrowers with less than good credit scores. Also, there were agency problems in the market, the brokers who made the loans usually did not make an effort to see whether the people taking the loans could actually pay the loans back, in other words they just gave out the loans to almost complete strangers that they knew very little about and they did not have the same interest as the investors had; once the broker earned his or her commission from the loan he or she did not care about the whether the borrowers paid or did not pay the loan off. Credit rating agencies were also a factor because of their asymmetric information; they were telling clients how to structure financial instruments at the time they rated the products so different information was being passed from firms to the borrowers. The effects it had on the U.S. economy were; housing prices went down, many subprime borrowers were finding that their mortgages were going underwater meaning that the house value was falling below the amount of the mortgage. Many homeowners just walked away from their homes giving the keys back to the lenders because the prices were going down. The default on mortgages rose tremendously, which led to many foreclosures. Value of mortgages backed securities and CDOs went down as well, and left the value of those assets to banks and financial institutions. Many of the well-known firms from had to be sold off to other larger companies for less than what they once worth and others had to file for bankruptcy. With all the things that happen in 2007-2009 in the economy, the crisis did not lead to a depression because of the actions of the Federal Reserve and government bailouts of the financial institutions but many call it a â€Å"great recession† instead. The economic recovery has been slow because people are now scared to invest their money in the markets and do not what to take on other risks, jobs are going overseas, inflation is rising, and economies of other countries are going down as well. Michael Farr said in an article from the Huffington â€Å"Corporate managers are just doing what works. Following the financial crisis, investors are not in the mood to take big risks. They would rather have the certainty that comes with higher dividend payments and increased stock buybacks†. When the economy is about to slip into a recession or depression the government uses a tactic called quantitative easing. Quantitative easing is when the central bank makes purchases from the market to bring down the interest rates so more people can have money in their pockets to spend and invest in the market. Federal Reserve gives the financial institutions money so they can lend out to the consumers and increase liquidity. Some of the down sides of quantitative easing are that it can cause inflation to increase due to being a certain amount of goods that are being sold when the money supply of the consumers has increased, and another is that instead of the banks lending out the money that was meant to be loaned out to people or companies was being kept by the banks instead. This strategy of the government in our last financial crisis was not really affective because the banks kept the money for reserve instead of lending it out the people and companies to increase liquidity and s pending. Many articles have been saying that the government has ended QE but according to an article by Terry Burnham  on pbs.org argues, By all accounts, the  Federal Reserve ended its bond buying program, known as quantitative easing, at its policy meeting at the end of last month. Over six years, the central bank bought $4.5 trillion worth of mortgage-backed securities and Treasury bonds. But since the beginning of this year, the Fed has been gradually drawing down its purchases by $10 billion a month to now, zero. It’s not that simple, though, says economist  Terry Burnham. The Fed is continuing what he calls â€Å"Stealth QE,† or the purchase ofmorebonds with the interest the Fed earns on the bonds it has already purchased. In order to stop that, he writes, the Fed would need to shrink its balance sheet by the amount of interest that it earns. Deleverage is when banks start to lose capital so they fall back on loaning money to others. They try to reduce the debt they have by selling their assets. Losses on their loans they gave out begin to drop in value which drops the net worth of the banks and financial institutions. Tejvan Pettinger said â€Å"To reduce debts people sell off assets to gain liquidity. Selling assets causes fall in the price of shares and house prices. Falling house prices cause lower consumer spending, negative equity and more losses for banks.† With less capital the banks and financial institutions have, the more risky they look towards others causing lender-savers to take out their funds. The decrease in funds will mean fewer loans to produce investments. Deleverage hurts the economy for those reasons. Globalization is when different countries trade with each other things such as products, ideas, aspects of their cultures, and other subject matters. Globalization has been increasing and has been getting easier due to the fact of newer and more advanced technology that has been invented till today to help us communicate with each other and transport product from one place to another. With globalization the cost of goods that we are buying that are coming from different parts of the world are low, compared to if we were to make them here because, it cost less for others to make it in their own country. Also the variety of goods within a country will increase because maybe we can’t produce certain goods here like other countries are able too. With globalization we have free trade, promoting jobs, keeping cost of goods low in the economy, and it’s making business more competitive thus stimulating the economy. Globalization also has a negative impact on the economy, that i s jobs are being moved over seas and outsourcing jobs to other places in the worked. The rich will continue to get richer and people looking for jobs will have to take on new jobs for less money because companies are moving out of the country. Both inflation and deflation can have a negative impact in the economy if inflation and deflation rises are severe. Inflation means the prices of goods and services are going up, lowering the purchasing power of the people and lowering the value of the dollar. A certain amount of inflation can also mean that we have a healthy economy because prices of goods and services will continue to go up. Deflation is the opposite of inflation, so instead of the rising prices of goods and services the prices are falling. When deflation is happening people tend to save more money and spend less because the value of the dollar is increasing. By not spending more the demand for goods and services drops and unemployment increases because not many people want to buy things. Deflation can be caused by a decrease in spending by the government, and people. There are also pages that say QE can also lead to deflation. The Wall Street Journal said â€Å"Nearly a decade after Japan’s central bank fi rst experimented with the policy, the country remains mired in deflation, a general decline in wages and prices that has crippled its economy.† Moderate levels of both inflation and deflation are normal have little effect on the economy. Works Cited Burnham, Terry. â€Å"So you thought quantitative easing was over? Think again† PBS News Hour. 24 November 2014. Farr, Michael. â€Å"What Is Causing the Drag?† The Huffington Post, 21 November 2014. Mishkin, S. Frederic. â€Å"The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Tenth Edition.† Colombia College. Pearson, 2013. Print. Pettinger, Tejvan. â€Å"Paradox of Deleveraging.† Economics Help, 6 May 2009. WashingtonsBlog. â€Å"Why QE May Lead to DEFLATION In the Long Run.† Washington’s Blog. 18 November 2014.

Internet working Essay

Today, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) are familiar terms to millions of people all over the world. Many people depend on applications enabled by the Internet, such as electronic mail and Web access. In addition, the increase in popularity of business applications places additional emphasis on the internet. The Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite is the engine for the Internet and networks worldwide. Its simplicity and power has lead to be the single network protocol of choice in the world today so the world has become a global village where the people live their life on the Internet. It has no boundaries or barriers, It is open to all who have access to Internet using computer. The e-commerce and online business has really facilitated the people nowadays. The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks, referred to as an internetwork, or internet, that provided universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks. The clear benefit of such an internetwork is the enabling of communication between hosts on different networks, perhaps separated by a large geographical area. 1. Introduction. The internet has been a useful source of information for the public and made things possible which were impossible in the past . Such as emailing has accelerated the process of Mailing and it hardly takes seconds to reach in any part of the world as the Client are connected to Server and the Server connects the clients to world wide web . it is like cob web which keeps connected to all users at the same time . The Internet’s growth has become explosive and it seems impossible to escape the bombardment of www.com’s seen constantly on television, heard on radio, and seen in magazines. Because the Internet has become such a large part of our lives, a good understanding is needed to use this new tool most effectively. This whitepaper explains the underlying infrastructure and technologies that make the Internet work. It does not go into great depth, but covers enough of each area to give a basic understanding of the concepts involved. For any unanswered questions, a list of resources is provided at the end of the paper. Any comments, suggestions, questions, etc.are encouraged and may be directed to the author at the email address given above. The Internet Frame Work As the Internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address. Internet addresses are in the form nnn. nnn. nnn. nnn where nun must be a number from 0 – 255. This address is known as an IP address. (IP stands for Internet Protocol; more on this later. ) The picture below illustrates two computers connected to the Internet; your computer with IP address 1. 2. 3. 4 and another computer with IP address 5. 6. 7. 8. The Internet is represented as an abstract object in-between. (As this paper progresses, the Internet portion of Diagram 1 will be explained and redrawn several times as the details of the Internet are exposed. ) Diagram 1. a These IP addresses are actually divided into different classes, where each class has it’s own range and criteria to define the number of hosts and networks. These types of information depends on your network size, criteria and purpose. In the Diagram 1. b, you can find the detail information related with the IP address classes. Diagram 1. b. The decimal representation of Internet addresses If you connect to the Internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP), you are usually assigned a temporary IP address for the duration of your dial-in session. If you connect to the Internet from a local area network (LAN) your computer might have a permanent IP address or it might obtain a temporary one from a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server. In any case, if you are connected to the Internet, your computer has a unique IP address. Hierarchical Versus Flat Address Space Internetwork address space typically takes one of two forms: hierarchical address space or flat address space. A hierarchical address space is organized into numerous subgroups, each successively narrowing an address until it points to a single device (in a manner similar to street addresses). A flat address space is organized into a single group (in a manner similar to U. S. Social Security numbers). Hierarchical addressing offers certain advantages over flat-addressing schemes. Address sorting and recall is simplified through the use of comparison operations. Ireland, for example, in a street address eliminates any other country as a possible location. Fig. 1. 1. Hierarchical and flat address spaces differ in comparison operations. Fig: 1. 2 Source: TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, The Protocols. W. Richard Stevens. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. 1994. The Ping Program If any body who is using Microsoft Windows or a flavor of UNIX and have a connection to the Internet, there is a handy program to see if a computer on the Internet is alive. It is called ping, probably after the sound made by older submarine sonar systems. 1 if you are using Windows, start a command prompt window. If you are using a flavor of UNIX, get to a command prompt. Type ping www. yahoo. com. The ping program will send a ‘ping’ (actually an ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request message) to the named computer. The pinged computer will respond with a reply. The ping program will count the time expired until the reply comes back (if it does). Also, if you enter a domain name (i. e. www. yahoo. com) instead of an IP address, ping will resolve the domain name and display the computer’s IP address. More on domain names and address resolution later. Protocol Stacks and Packets So your computer is connected to the Internet and has a unique address. How does it ‘talk’ to other computers connected to the Internet? An example should serve here: Let us say your IP address is 1. 2. 3. 4 and you want to send a message to the computer 5. 6. 7. 8. The message you want to send is â€Å"Hello computer 5. 6. 7. 8! † Obviously, the message must be transmitted over whatever kind of wire connects your computer to the Internet. Let us say you have dialed into your ISP from home and the message must be transmitted over the phone line. Therefore the message must be translated from alphabetic text into electronic signals, transmitted over the Internet, and then translated back into alphabetic text. Now there is the question that how is this accomplished? Through the use of a protocol stack. Every computer needs one to communicate on the Internet and it is usually built into the computer’s operating system (i. e. Windows, UNIX, etc. ). The protocol stack used on the Internet is referred to as the TCP/IP protocol stack because of the two major communication protocols used. The TCP/IP stack looks like this: Protocol Layer: Application Protocols Layer Protocols specific to applications such as WWW, e-mail, FTP, etc. Transmission Control Protocol Layer TCP directs packets to a specific application on a computer using a port number. Internet Protocol Layer. IP directs packets to a specific computer using an IP address. Hardware Layer Converts binary packet data to network signals and back. (E. g. Ethernet network card, modem for phone lines, etc. ) If we were to follow the path that the message â€Å"Hello computer 5. 6. 7. 8! † took from our computer to the computer with IP address 5. 6. 7. 8, it would happen something like this: Diagram 2 The message would start at the top of the protocol stack on your computer and work its way downward. If the message to be sent is long, each stack layer that the message passes through may break the message up into smaller chunks of data. This is because data sent over the Internet (and most computer networks) are sent in manageable chunks. On the Internet, these chunks of data are known as packets. The packets would go through the Application Layer and continue to the TCP layer. Each packet is assigned a port number. Ports will be explained later, but suffice to say that many programs may be using the TCP/IP stack and sending messages. We need to know which program on the destination computer needs to receive the message because it will be listening on a specific port. After going through the TCP layer, the packets proceed to the IP layer. This is where each packet receives its destination address, 5. 6. 7. 8. Now that our message packets have a port number and an IP address, they are ready to be sent over the Internet. The hardware layer takes care of turning our packets containing the alphabetic text of our message into electronic signals and transmitting them over the phone line. On the other end of the phone line your ISP has a direct connection to the Internet. The ISPs router examines the destination address in each packet and determines where to send it. Often, the packet’s next stop is another router. More on routers and Internet infrastructure later. Eventually, the packets reach computer 5. 6. 7. 8. Here, the packets start at the bottom of the destination computer’s TCP/IP stack and work upwards. As the packets go upwards through the stack, all routing data that the sending computer’s stack added (such as IP address and port number) is stripped from the packets. When the data reaches the top of the stack, the packets have been re-assembled into their original form, â€Å"Hello computer 5. 6. 7. 8! † Networking Infrastructure: So now you know how packets travel from one computer to another over the Internet. But what is in-between? What actually makes up the Internet? Let us look at another diagram: Diagram 3. 1 Here we see Diagram 1 redrawn with more detail. The physical connection through the phone network to the Internet Service Provider might have been easy to guess, but beyond that might bear some explanation. The ISP maintains a pool of modems for their dial-in customers. This is managed by some form of computer (usually a dedicated one) which controls data flow from the modem pool to a backbone or dedicated line router. This setup may be referred to as a port server, as it ‘serves’ access to the network. Billing and usage information is usually collected here as well. After your packets traverse the phone network and your ISP’s local equipment, they are routed onto the ISP’s backbone or a backbone the ISP buys bandwidth from. From here the packets will usually journey through several routers and over several backbones, dedicated lines, and other networks until they find their destination, the computer with address 5. 6. 7. 8. But wouldn’t it would be nice if we knew the exact route our packets were taking over the Internet? As it turns out, there is a way†¦ The Trace route Program: If you’re using Microsoft Windows or a flavor of UNIX and have a connection to the Internet, here is another handy Internet program. This one is called trace route and it shows the path your packets are taking to a given Internet destination. Like ping, you must use trace route from a command prompt. In Windows, use tracer www. yahoo. com. From a UNIX prompt, type trace route www. yahoo. com. Like ping, you may also enter IP addresses instead of domain names. Trace route will print out a list of all the routers, computers, and any other Internet entities that your packets must travel through to get to their destination. If you use trace route, you’ll notice that your packets must travel through many things to get to their destination. Most have long names such as sjc2-core1-h2-0-0. atlas. digex. net and fddi0-0. br4. SJC. globalcenter. net. These are Internet routers that decide where to send your packets. Several routers are shown in Diagram 3. 1, but only a few. Diagram 3. 1 is meant to show a simple network structure. The Internet is much more complex.

The Rainforest

Rainforest's are a tropical forest that are found around the earths equator. The rainforest is found in Idonesia, South America and west and central Africa. The average temperatures are about 25-30 degrees. The rainforests are important because they provide homes for animals, plants and human, they also stabilise the climate by absorbing carbon dioxide. However in the 21st century they are under threat because of logging for timber, mining, road building, pasture for cattle ranching, crops and settlements. This essay will be researching 4 statements on the valuable resources that the rainforest offers and if sustainable devlopment can truly be introduced in the rainforest. â€Å"The rainforest is a valuable resource and its preservation is important to us all† The rainforest provides homes for about 70 million people, it also provides habitats for over 50% of the earths species of plants and animals. It also contains many plants which could provide new drugs and medicines in the furture e.g. Curae is a poison on Waorani hunting arrows which we also use as a relaxant in modern surgery. The rainforest also stablise's the climate by absorbing carbon dioxide this also helps reduce the rate of global warming and they reduce soil erosion by intercepting the rainfall and also keep water courses free from sediment. If deforestation was to continue millions of animals and plants would lose their habitats and possibly become extinct. Thousands of indigenous people of the rainforest would lose their homes and their way of life. We would also lose many cures for dieases and medicines that we could discover in the furture. Lots of damage to the climate and the enviorment could also mean that global warming would increase at a quicker rate. â€Å"The indigneous people of the rainforest respond positively to the challenges of their natural enviorment and act as stewards of the forest† Their are about 250 million indigenous people and about 5 thousand tribes, two of the tribes are Maorani and Kayapo. They live of the forest by using it to make food medicines and products to sell to make money such as brazil nuts. The indigenous people should be stewards of the forest because they live there, it is their home and they lived there for thousands of years which gives them historical rights to the Rainforest, they also want to protect it from damage and the dieases people have brought in. â€Å"There are some people who wish to exploit the rainforest. Explotation of the forest has positive and negative effects.† Explotation of the rainforest can be negative and positive. Cattle ranching is positive because it helps feed the countrys own people and they can sell it to other countrys to make money, the negative side of it is the grass that grows in rainforest area is of poor quality and cattle do not thrive, also milk yields tend to be low and after a few years the land is no good. Logging is good because it gets us useful materials such as mahogany, sapele and lauan, which grow no where else in the world, the negative of this is one hactare of rainforest is cut down just to log one mahogany tree. The positive of mining is that we get many good and useful metals such as gold, silver, aluminium, iron ore, copper and zinc. The negative of it is many trees get chopped down and mercury which is used in gold mining causes contamination. Road building does not cause much deforestation but the settlements in its way do get destroyed, it does do a lot of good it allows people to get in and out of the forest easily and quickly. Oil exploration does alot of damage to the forest, many trees have to be chopped down for the pipe lines and disturbs the wild life. The toxic chemicals do alot of contamination to the rivers and soil. the positive of it is oil is a very useful resource. Farming is one of the largest causes of forest loss. Huge plantations of banana and African oil palm now stand where rainforest once did, often farmers form other places who do not the farming techniques needed for forest enviorments, which means the soil soon becomes depleted, requiring further forest to be cleared. Hydro-electric dams are enviormentally friendly but to build them a lot of forest is destroyed. The positive of all these things is that it means money for the devloping countries and also opens up lots of jobs for the local people. The negative of these things is that they all do at least some damage to the rainforest. â€Å"A balance can be achieved between sustained devlopment and conservation of the rainforest† National park areas would make money from visiting tourists and would protect an area of the rainforest. Brazil nut trade is a good way for the indigenous people to make money, they pick them with out harming the trees and then turn them into an oil, which they sell to the body shop and the body shop turns the oil into a conditioner. Rubber tapping is where a liquid called latex is extrated from plantation trees, the latex is then processed to make a solid material called rubber, it is then sold and exported to other countrys. Enviormentally friendly logging is where only the trees that they want are cut down with out damaging the surrounding enviornment. The definition of eco tourism is â€Å"responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.† there are seven principles to this: * Minimize impact * Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect * Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts * Provide direct financial benefits for conservation * Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people * Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate * Support international human rights and labor agreements Eco tourism is something everybody can participate in. Bibliography Bunce-Contexts Arnell-Geography Worksheets given to me by teacher

Definition and Examples of Primary Sources in Research

In research  activities,  a primary source refers to information collected firsthand from such sources as historical documents, literary texts, artistic works, experiments, surveys, and interviews. It is also called primary data and is very different than a secondary source. The Library of Congress defines primary sources as actual records that have survived from the past, such as letters, photographs, or articles of clothing, in contrast to secondary sources, which are accounts of the past created by people writing about events sometime after they happened   Examples of Primary Sources [Primary sources] provide the raw data that you use first to test the working hypothesis and then as evidence to support your claim. In history, for example, primary sources include documents from the period or person you are studying, objects, maps, even clothing; in literature or philosophy, your main primary source is usually the text you are studying, and your data are the words on the page. In such fields, you can rarely write a research paper without using primary sources. (Wayne C. Booth et al. The Craft of Research. University of Chicago Press, 2008) Chief Characteristics The chief characteristics of  primary sources are: (1) being present during the experience, event or time and (2) consequently being close in time with the data. This does not mean that data from  primary sources are  always the best data. . . . Data from human sources are subject to many types of distortion because of such factors as selective recall, selective perceptions, and purposeful or nonpurposeful omission or addition of information. Thus data from primary sources are not necessarily accurate data even though they come from firsthand sources. (Natalie L. Sproull,  Handbook of Research Methods: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in the Social Sciences, 2nd ed. Scarecrow Press, 2002) Methods of Collecting Primary Data If the information you need is unavailable or hasnt yet been gathered, youll have to gather it yourself. Four basic methods of collecting primary data are field research, content analysis, survey research, and experiments. Other methods of gathering primary data include historical research, analysis of existing statistics, . . . and various forms of direct observation. (H. Dan OHair et al. Business Communication: A Framework for Success. South-Western, 2001) Secondary Sources and Their Bibliographies By identifying basic facts, such as year of construction, secondary sources can point the researcher to the  best primary sources, such as the right tax books. In addition, a careful reading of the bibliography in a secondary source can reveal important sources the researcher might otherwise have missed. (Alison Hoagland and Gray Fitzsimmons, History.  Recording Historic Structures, 2nd. ed., edited by John A. Burns. Wiley, 2004) Original Sources The distinction also needs to be made between primary and original sources. It is by no means always necessary, and all too often it is not possible, to deal only with original sources. Printed copies of original sources, provided they have been undertaken with scrupulous care (such as the published letters of the Founding Fathers), are usually an acceptable substitute for their handwritten originals. (E. J. Monaghan and D. K. Hartman, Undertaking Historical Research in Literacy, in Handbook of Reading Research, ed. by P. D. Pearson et al. Erlbaum, 2000) Finding and Accessing Primary Sources This one is entirely dependent on the assignment given and your local resources; but when included, always emphasize quality.  . . . Keep in mind that there are many institutions such as the Library of Congress that make primary source material freely available on the Web.  (Joel D. Kitchens, Librarians, Historians, and New Opportunities for Discourse. ABC-CLIO, 2012)